Astronomy a Science, Astrology a Pseudo-Science - 547 Words

The word science probably brings many different pictures into your mind, some being: a fat textbook, white lab coats, microscopes, an astronomer looking through a telescope, a naturalist in the rainforest, Einsteins equations scribbled on a board, the launch of the space shuttle, bubbling beakers.... All of those images reflect some aspect of science, but none of them provides a full picture of what science completely is. Science is defined to be the knowledge attained through study or practice, or knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, especially as obtained and tested through scientific method and concerned with the physical world. According to the TOK book, astronomy is considered a science and astrology a pseudo science. Do you agree? Before I start discussing this statement, we should know what science, pseudo-science and astronomy, astrology really is. Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence. pseudo-science is a concept that is considered to be science but it does not have enough evidence to go along side with it and prove the concept to be right. Astronomy is a science that studies everything outside of the earths atmosphere, such as planets, stars, asteroids, galaxies; and the properties and relationships of those celestial bodies. Astronomers base their studies on research and observation. Astrology on the other hand,Show MoreRelatedA Critical Review of the Introduction (pp.xi-xvi) to Cumont, Franz, Astrology Among The Greeks and Romans, New York: Dover Publications 1960 (1911)1092 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Franz Cumont’s introduction in Astrology and Religion Among The Greek and Romans, the Dover 1960 edition of the unabridged and unaltered original work published, by G P Putnam in 1912, is aimed at the general historical and theological audience. On reading Franz Cumont introduction it is obvious he is scathing in his comments towards the practise of astrology. Along with his contempt of the continuing growth in the belief of astrology and how, throughout humankind, intellectsRead MoreThe Limitations of Falsificationism1713 Words   |  7 Pagesfalsificationist demarcation criterion and Popperï ¿ ½s response (101) The falsificationist distinguishes between science and pseudo-science by saying that only the former is falsifiable.ï ¿ ½ HOWEVER, astrology and many religions are falsifiable because they make predictions.ï ¿ ½ To rule them out, the falsificationist must add ï ¿ ½and not be falsifiedï ¿ ½.ï ¿ ½ HOWEVER, doing this will mean that much science isnï ¿ ½t science, as we have seen that many theories were falsified early in their careers.ï ¿ ½ Popperï ¿ ½s response to this latterRead MoreConstellations3730 Words   |  15 PagesConstellation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In modern astronomy, a constellation is an internationally defined area of the celestial sphere. These areas are grouped around asterisms (which themselves are generally referred to in non-technical language as constellations), which are patterns formed by prominent stars within apparent proximity to one another on Earths night sky. There are 88 standard constellations recognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) since 1922. TheRead MoreConstellations5203 Words   |  21 Pagessystem  can unambiguously be assigned to a constellation. It is usual in astronomy to give the constellation in which a given object is found along with its coordinates in order to convey a rough idea in which part of the sky it is located. Contents   Ã‚  [hide]   * 1Terminology * 2History * 2.1Ancient near East * 2.2Chinese astronomy * 2.3Indian astronomy * 2.4Classical antiquity * 2.5Islamic astronomy * 2.6Early Modern era * 3IAU constellations * 4Asterisms Read MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 PagesMoon: â€Å"On the Creation, Proportion and Composition of the Heavens for the Fashioning of Images† VI. The Picatrix: Lunar Mansions in Western Astrology VII. W. B. Yeats and â€Å"A Vision:† The Arab Mansions of the Moon On Ritual and Talismans Picatrix Astrological Magic Aphorisms Extracts on Planetary Ritual Clothing Twenty Two Benefic Astrological Talismans Astrology, Magical Talismans and the Mansions of the Moon Ritual of Jupiter An Astrological Election of Mercury in the First Face of Virgo for WealthRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages............................................................................................... 499 CHAPTER 15 Scientific Reasoning ........................................................................................... 508 What is Science? ................................................................................................................................. 508 Reviewing the Principles of Scientific Reasoning..............................................................Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesunderstanding the diverse nature of organization theory Mapping some aspects of organization theory’s diversity Positivist protagonists: the truth is out there, and we can objectively know it Philosophical disputes around the role of the subjective in science Epistemological and ontolological disputes: how can we ever know the ‘truth’ and is there an ‘out there’? A few words of warning about the term postmodernism Overview of the structure and rationale of the book Chapter summaries Chapter 2: Modernist

The Airline Industry s Impact On The United States

After six consecutive years of profitability, the U.S airline industry was descended into a downward spiral. The number of passengers flying dropped from 56 million in August 2001 to 30 million in September with no passengers for two days after the attacks (Poling). It took three years for the airlines to reach the 56 million passenger mark again. The impact on the travel industry, specifically the airlines, was more severe than in other areas. Immediately following the September 11th attacks, the airline industry was severely damaged with a four day shutdown of the national aviation system. Across much of the United States and Canada, flights were grounded. Airlines and airports that did not have dedicated ground crews and additional†¦show more content†¦Many businesses temporarily suspended non-essential travel for their employees, significantly reducing business travel (Logan). Congress responded by creating the Air Transportation Stabilization Board, a body authorized to give the airlines up to $10 billion dollars in loans (Logan). However, despite this funding, several important airlines including American and US Airways, declared bankruptcy while other smaller airlines ceased operations. The lack of passenger demand canceled flights and increased security expenditures resulted in massive financial losses. In addition to layoffs, airlines were forced to renegotiate labor contracts (Logan). Lingering effects of the 9/11 attacks continued over the next few years. Airlines struggled to match the decline in passenger traffic by cutting capacity and changing route destinations (Tyler). This spanned the development of low cost carriers and air fares decreased over the next few years. The rising dominance of low cost carriers in the domestic market place caused the major U.S. carriers to shift capacity from domestic to international markets. Passenger traffic finally reached its pre 9/11 levels in 2004, although, profitability did not return until 2006 ( Tyler). The airline industry also had to adjust to changes in consumer attitude. The Transportation Security

The Ethnic Conflicts Free Essays

Recent changes in American society have resulted in increasing number of minority students enrolling in colleges and universities. Differing views among these ethnic groups can sometimes cause conflicts for students of all races (Cozic 249). Some argue that students and universities benefit from these ethnic conflicts. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ethnic Conflicts or any similar topic only for you Order Now Same time others believe that increasing racial diversity in American colleges and university has led to a decrease in the quality of education. People who support multiculturalism in universities believe that â€Å"students who can resolve conflict in racially diverse universities will be better prepared to succeed than students at universities that are more homogeneous†(Cozic 249). Conflict is expected, perhaps even healthy, in a social situation where people have different interests and compete for scarce resources (Duster 251). Some American schools are racially integrated, so â€Å"it is not surprising that students experience shock and tension when they arrive at their first experience of multiculturalism†(251). But shocks like this maybe a good preparation for future life. According to Duster, nowadays students are â€Å"far more competent, far more eligible, far more prepared than when this [Berkley] was an all-white university in 1950†³(252). Back in 1960s , when the campus was mainly white, almost every eligible student who applied to Berkley was admitted (252). But â€Å"when the United States changed its immigration laws in the 1970s, well-qualified candidates from China, Hong Kong, and Korea swelled the pool of applicants†(252). Suddenly, not everyone who was eligible could get in (252). The increasing number of minorities applying to universities created â€Å"increasingly ferocious competition at the same-sized admissions gate†(252). The media, so far has chosen to emphasize the beleaguered white student who has to adjust to affirmative action (252). Isn†t it a shame, stories imply, that these students are feeling uncomfortable in an environment that used to be their university (252). It isn†t theirs anymore (252). Since the demographics of the United States are changing at a fast rate, â€Å"shouldn†t the university population and curriculum reflect more of this new reality? â€Å"(252 – 53). Meanwhile, the quality of students at universities is only getting better. Duster implies that affirmative action exists because, â€Å"over the past two hundred years, blacks and Latinos have had a difficult time entering higher education, and that legacy hasn†t gone away†(253). There are economic barriers that restrict access to college for minorities. And these barriers aren†t disappearing. The smartest among them [Berkley students] also see that in a globalized economy, Berkley†s multiculturalism can make them better leaders†¦. (254). The opponents of cultural diversity believe that â€Å"affirmative action favors minorities whose average academic performance is unacceptably below university standards†(Cozic 257). D†Souza argues that the question is not whether universities should seek diversity but what kind of diversity. It seems that the primary form of diversity which universities should try to foster is diversity of mind (D†Souza 258). He says that â€Å"such diversity would enrich academic discourse, widen its parameters, multiply its objects of inquiry, and increase the probability of obscure and unlikely terrain being investigated†(258). According to D†Souza, the problem begins with a deep sense of embarrassment over the small number of minorities – blacks in particular – on campuses. University officials speak of themselves as more enlightened and progressive than the general population, so they feel guilty if the proportion of minorities at their institution is smaller than in surrounding society (259). As a consequence, universities agree to make herculean efforts to attract as many blacks, Hispanics, and other certified minorities as possible to their institutions (259). The number of minority applicants who would normally qualify for acceptance at selective universities is very small; therefore, in order to meet ambitious recruitment targets, affirmative action must entail fairly drastic compromises in admissions requirements (259). University leaders are willing to use unjust means to achieve their goal of equal representation, says D†Souza. For example, â€Å"the California legislature is considering measures to require all state colleges to accept black, Hispanic, white, and Asian students in proportion with their level in the population, regardless of disparity in academic preparation or qualifications among such groups† (259). Many selective universities are so famished for minority students that they will accept virtually anyone of the right color (260). For minority students, who struggled through high school, the courtship of selective universities comes as a welcome surprise. During their freshman year, many minority students discover that they are not prepared to the college work load and it is hard to keep up with another students. For minority students, especially those from disadvantaged backgrounds, these problems are often complicated by a difficult personal adjustment to a new environment (261). University leaders have discovered how displaced and unsettled minority freshmen can be, and typically respond by setting up counseling services and remedial education programs intended to assure blacks and Hispanics that they do belong, and that they can â€Å"catch up† with other students (261). For many minority undergraduates the university†s quest for racial equality produces a conspicuous academic inequality (261). In the minds of minority students, affirmative action is not a cause of their academic difficulties, but an excuse for white racism which is the real source of their problems (263). How to cite The Ethnic Conflicts, Papers

Ecological Economics free essay sample

Ecological economics ? Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ecological economics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ecological economics is a transdisciplinary field of academic research that aims to address the interdependence and coevolution of human economies and natural ecosystems over time and space. [1] It is distinguished from environmental economics, which is the mainstream economic analysis of the environment, by its treatment of the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem and its emphasis upon preserving natural capital. One survey of German economists found that ecological and environmental economics are different schools of economic thought, with ecological economists emphasizing strong sustainability and rejecting the proposition that natural capital can be substituted by human-made capital. [3] Ecological economics was founded in the works of Kenneth E. Boulding, Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, Herman Daly, Robert Costanza, and others. The related field of green economics is, in general, a more politically applied form of the subject. [4][5] According to ecological economist Malte Faber, ecological economics is defined by its focus on nature, justice, and time. Issues of intergenerational equity, irreversibility of environmental change, uncertainty of long-term outcomes, and sustainable development guide ecological economic analysis and valuation. [6] Ecological economists have questioned fundamental mainstream economic approaches such as cost-benefit analysis, and the separability of economic values from scientific research, contending that economics is unavoidably normative rather than positive (empirical). Positional analysis, which attempts to incorporate time and justice issues, is proposed as an alternative. [8][9] The three nested systems of sustainability the economy wholly contained by society, wholly contained by the biophysical environment. Clickable. Ecological economics includes the study of the metabolism of society, that is, the study of the flows of energy and materials that enter and exit the economic system. This subfield may also be referred to as biophysical economics, bioeconomics, and has links with the applied science of industrial symbiosis. Ecological economics is based on a conceptual model of the economy connected to, and sustained by, a flow of energy, materials, and ecosystem services. [citation needed] Analysts from a variety of disciplines have conducted research on the economy-environment relationship, with concern for energy and material flows and sustainability, environmental quality, and economic development. [citation needed] Contents 1 Nature and ecology 2 Ethics 3 Schools of thought 4 Differentiation from mainstream schools 5 History and development 6 Topics 6. 1 Methodology 6. 2 Allocation of resources 6. 3 Strong versus weak sustainability 6.4 Energy economics 6. 5 Energy accounting and balance 6. 6 Environmental services 6. 7 Externalities 6. 8 Ecological-economic modeling 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Nature and ecology Main articles: Nature and Ecology A simple circular flow of income diagram is replaced in ecological economics by a more complex flow diagram reflecting the input of solar energy, which sustains natural inputs and environmental services which are then used as units of production. Once consumed, natural inputs pass out of the economy as pollution and waste. The potential of an environment to provide services and materials is en.  wikipedia. org/wiki/Ecological_economics 1/9 15/09/12 Ecological economics ? Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia referred to as an environments source function, and this function is depleted as resources are consumed or pollution contaminates the resources. The sink function describes an environments ability to absorb and render harmless waste and pollution: when waste output exceeds the limit of the sink function, long-term damage occurs. [10]:8 Some persistent pollutants, such as some organic pollutants and nuclear waste are absorbed very slowly or not at all; ecological economists emphasize minimizing cumulative pollutants. Pollutants affect human health and the health of the climate. The economic value of natural capital and ecosystem services is accepted by mainstream environmental economics, but is emphasized as especially important in ecological economics. Ecological economists may begin by estimating how to maintain a stable environment before assessing the cost in dollar terms. [10]:9 Ecological economist Robert Costanza led an attempted valuation of the global ecosystem in 1997. Initially published in Nature, the article concluded on $33 trillion with a range from $16 trillion to $54 trillion (in 1997, total global GDP was $27 trillion). Half of the value went to nutrient cycling. The open oceans, continental shelves, and estuaries had the highest total value, and the highest per-hectare values went to estuaries, swamps/floodplains, and seagrass/algae beds. The work was criticized by articles in Ecological Economics Volume 25, Issue 1, but the critics acknowledged the positive potential for economic valuation of the global ecosystem. [10]:129 Environmental Scientist sampling water. The Earths carrying capacity is a central issue in ecological economics. Early economists such as Thomas Malthus pointed out the finite carrying capacity of the earth, which was also central to the MIT study Limits to Growth. Diminishing returns suggest that productivity increases will slow if major technological progress is not made. Food production may become a problem, as erosion, an impending water crisis, and soil salinity (from irrigation) reduce the productivity of agriculture. Ecological economists argue that industrial agriculture, which exacerbates these problems, is not sustainable agriculture, and are generally inclined favorably to organic farming, which also reduces the output of carbon. Global wild fisheries are believed to have peaked and begun a decline, with valuable habitat such as estuaries in critical condition. [10]:28 The aquaculture or farming of piscivorous fish, like salmon, does not help solve the problem because they need to be fed products from other fish. Studies have shown that salmon farming has major negative impacts on wild salmon, as well as the forage fish that need to be caught to feed them. [12][13] Since animals are higher on the trophic level, they are less efficient sources of food energy. Reduced consumption of meat would reduce the demand for food, but as nations develop, they tend to adopt high-meat diets similar to that of the United States. Genetically modified food (GMF) a conventional solution to the problem, presents numerous problems – Bt corn produces its own Bacillus thuringiensis, but the pest resistance is believed to be only a matter of time. [10]:31 The overall effect of GMF on yields is contentious, with the USDA and FAO acknowledging that GMFs do not necessarily have higher yields and may even have reduced yields. Global warming is now widely acknowledged as a major issue, with all national scientific academies expressing agreement on the importance of the issue. As the population growth intensifies and energy demand increases, the world faces an energy crisis. Some economists and scientists forecast a global ecological crisis if energy use is not contained – the Stern report is an example. The disagreement has sparked a vigorous debate on issue of discounting and intergenerational equity. GLOBAL GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES CRITICAL FOR LIFE Nitrogen cycle Water cycle Carbon cycle Oxygen cycle Ethics Mainstream economics has attempted to become a value-free hard science, but ecological economists argue that value-free economics is generally not realistic. Ecological economics is more willing to entertain alternative conceptions of utility, efficiency, and cost-benefits such as positional analysis or multi-criteria analysis. Ecological economics is typically viewed as economics for sustainable development,[15] and may have goals similar to green politics. en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ecological_economics Renewable energy sources Biofuels †¢ Biomass †¢ Geothermal Hydro power †¢ Solar power †¢ Tidal power Wave power †¢ Wind power 2/9 15/09/12 Ecological economics ? Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Schools of thought Various competing schools of thought exist in the field. Some are close to resource and environmental economics while others are far more heterodox in outlook. An example of the latter is the European Society for Ecological Economics. An example of the former is the Swedish Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics. Differentiation from mainstream schools In ecological economics, natural capital is added to the typical capital asset analysis of land, labor, and financial capital. Ecological economics uses tools from mathematical economics, but may apply them more closely to the natural world. Whereas mainstream economists tend to be technological optimists, ecological economists are inclined to be technological pessimists. They reason that the natural world has a limited carrying capacity and that its resources may run out. Since destruction of important environmental resources could be practically irreversible and catastrophic, ecological economists are inclined to justify cautionary measures based on the precautionary principle. [16] The most cogent example of how the different theories treat similar assets is tropical rainforest ecosystems, most obviously the Yasuni region of Ecuador. While this area has substantial deposits of bitumen it is also one of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth and some estimates establish it has over 200 undiscovered medical substances  in its genomes most of which would be destroyed by logging the forest or mining the bitumen. Effectively, the instructional capital of the genomes is undervalued by analyses which view the rainforest primarily as a source of wood, oil/tar and perhaps food. Increasingly the carbon credit for leaving the extremely carbon-intensive (dirty) bitumen in the ground is also valued the government of Ecuador set a price of US$350M for an oil le ase with the intent of selling it to someone committed to never exercising it at all and instead preserving the rainforest. History and development Early interest in ecology and economics dates back to the 1960s and the work by Kenneth Boulding and Herman Daly, but the first meetings occurred in the 1980s. It began with a 1982 symposium in Sweden (http://www. ecoeco. org/pdf/costanza. pdf) which was attended by people who would later be instrumental in the field, including Robert Costanza, Herman Daly, Charles Hall, Ann-Mari Jansson, Bruce Hannon, H. T. Odum, and David Pimentel. Most were ecosystem ecologists or mainstream environmental economists, with the exception of Daly. In 1987, Daly and Costanza edited an issue of Ecological Modeling to test the waters. A book entitled Ecological Economics, by Juan Martinez-Alier (http://unjobs. org/authors/juan-martinez-alier) , was published later that year. [17] 1989 saw the foundation of the International Society for Ecological Economics and publication of its journal, Ecological Economics, by Elsevier. Robert Costanza was the first president of the society and first editor of the journal, currently edited by Richard Howarth. European conceptual founders include Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (1971), K. William Kapp (1950)[18] and Karl Polanyi (1944). [19] Some key concepts of what is now ecological economics are evident in the writings of E.F. Schumacher, whose book Small Is Beautiful – A Study of Economics as if People Mattered (1973) was published just a few years before the first edition of Herman Dalys comprehensive and persuasive Steady-State Economics (1977). [20][21] Other figures include ecologists C. S. Holling, H. T. Odum and Robert Costanza, biologist Gretchen Daily and physicist R obert Ayres. CUNY geography professor David Harvey explicitly added ecological concerns to political economic literature. This parallel development in political economy has been continued by analysts such as sociologist John Bellamy Foster. The antecedents can be traced back to the Romantics of the 19th century as well as some Enlightenment political economists of that era. Concerns over population were expressed by Thomas Malthus, while John Stuart Mill hypothesized that the stationary state of an economy was desirable, anticipating later insights of modern ecological economists, without having had their experience of the social and ecological costs of the dramatic post-World War II industrial expansion. As Martinez-Alier explores in his book the debate on energy in economic systems can also be traced into the 19th century e. g. Nobel prize-winning chemist, Frederick Soddy (1877– 1956). Soddy criticized the prevailing belief of the economy as a perpetual motion machine, capable of generating infinite wealth — a criticism echoed by his intellectual heirs in the now emergent field of ecological economics. [22] The Romanian economist Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (1906–1994), who was among Dalys teachers at Vanderbilt University, provided ecological economics with a modern conceptual framework based on the material and energy flows of economic production and consumption. His magnum opus, The Entropy Law and the Economic Process (1971), has been highly influential. Articles by Inge Ropke (2004, 2005)[24] and Clive Spash (1999)[25] cover the development and modern history of ecological economics and explain its differentiation from resource and environmental economics, as well as some of the controversy between American and European schools of thought. An article by Robert Costanza, David Stern, Lining He, and Chunbo Ma[26] responded to a call by Mick Common to determine the foundational literature of ecological economics by using citation analysis to examine which books and articles have had the most influence on the development of the field. Topics en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ecological_economics 3/9 15/09/12 Ecological economics ? Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Methodology A primary objective of ecological economics (EE) is to ground economic thinking and practice in physical reality, especially in the laws of physics (particularly the laws of thermodynamics) and in knowledge of biological systems. It accepts as a goal the improvement of human well-being through development, and seeks to ensure achievement of this through planning for the sustainable development of ecosystems and societies. Of course the terms development and sustainable development are far from lacking controversy. Richard Norgaard argues traditional economics has hi-jacked the development terminology in his book Development Betrayed. [27] Well-being in ecological economics is also differentiated from welfare as found in mainstream economics and the new welfare economics from the 1930s which informs resource and environmental economics. This entails a limited preference utilitarian conception of value i. e., Nature is valuable to our economies, that is because people will pay for its services such as clean air, clean water, encounters with wilderness, etc. Ecological economics is distinguishable from neoclassical economics primarily by its assertion that the economy is embedded within an environmental system. Ecology deals with the energy and matter transactions of life and the Earth, and the human economy is by definition contained within this system. Ecological economists argue that neoclassical econ omics has ignored the environment, at best considering it to be a subset of the human economy. The neoclassical view ignores much of what the natural sciences have taught us about the contributions of nature to the creation of wealth e. g. , the planetary endowment of scarce matter and energy, along with the complex and biologically diverse ecosystems that provide goods and ecosystem services directly to human communities: micro- and macro-climate regulation, water recycling, water purification, storm water regulation, waste absorption, food and medicine production, pollination, protection from solar and cosmic radiation, the view of a starry night sky, etc. There has then been a move to regard such things as natural capital and ecosystems functions as goods and services. [28][29] However, this is far from uncontroversial within ecology or ecological economics due to the potential for narrowing down values to those found in mainstream economics and the danger of merely regarding Nature as a commodity. This has been referred to as ecologists selling out on Nature. [30] There is then a concern that ecological economics has failed to learn from the extensive literature in environmental ethics about how to structure a plural value system. Allocation of resources Resource and neoclassical economics focus primarily on the efficient allocation of resources, and less on two other fundamental economic problems which are central to ecological economics: distribution (equity) and the scale of the economy relative to the ecosystems upon which it is reliant. [31] Ecological Economics also makes a clear distinction between growth (quantitative increase in economic output) and development (qualitative improvement of the quality of life) while arguing that neoclassical economics confuses the two. Ecological economists point out that, beyond modest levels, increased per-capita consumption (the typical economic measure of standard of living) does not necessarily lead to improvement in human well-being, while this same consumption can have harmful effects on the environment and broader societal well-being. Strong versus weak sustainability Ecological economics challenges the conventional approach towards natural resources, claiming that it undervalues natural capital by considering it as interchangeable with human-made capital—labor and technology. The potential for the substitution of man-made capital for natural capital is an important debate in ecological economics and the economics of sustainability. There is a continuum of views among economists between the strongly neoclassical positions of Robert Solow and Martin Weitzman, at one extreme and the ‘entropy pessimists’, notably Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen and Herman Daly, at the other. [32] Neoclassical economists tend to maintain that man-made capital can, in principle, replace all types of natural capital. This is known as the weak sustainability view, essentially that every technology can be improved upon or replaced by innovation, and that there is a substitute for any and all scarce materials. At the other extreme, the strong sustainability view argues that the stock of natural resources and ecological functions are irreplaceable. From the premises of strong sustainability, it follows that economic policy has a fiduciary  responsibility to the greater ecological world, and that sustainable development must therefore take a different approach to valuing natural resources and ecological functions. Energy economics Main article: Energy economics en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ecological_economics 4/9 15/09/12 Ecological economics ? Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A key concept of energy economics is net energy gain, which recognizes that all energy requires energy to produce. To be useful the energy return on energy invested (EROEI) has to be greater than one. The net energy gain from production coal, oil and gas has declined over time as the easiest to produce sources have been most heavily depleted. [33] Ecological economics generally rejects the view of energy economics that growth in the energy supply is related directly to well being, focusing instead on biodiversity and creativity or natural capital and individual capital, in the terminology sometimes adopted to describe these economically. In practice, ecological economics focuses primarily on the key issues of uneconomic growth and quality of life. Ecological economists are inclined to acknowledge that much of what is important in human well-being is not analyzable from a strictly economic standpoint and suggests an interdisciplinary approach combining social and natural sciences as a means to address this. Thermoeconomics is based on the proposition that the role of energy in biological evolution should be defined and understood through the second law of thermodynamics, but also in terms of such economic criteria as productivity, efficiency, and especially the costs and benefits (or profitability) of the various mechanisms for capturing and utilizing available energy to build biomass and do work. [34][35] As a result, thermoeconomics are often discussed in the field of ecological economics, which itself is related to the fields of sustainability and sustainable development. Exergy analysis is performed in the field of industrial ecology to use energy more efficiently. [36] The term exergy, was coined by Zoran Rant in 1956, but the concept was developed by J. Willard Gibbs. In recent decades, utilization of exergy has spread outside of physics and engineering to the fields of industrial ecology, ecological economics, systems ecology, and energetics. Energy accounting and balance Also see:Net energy gain An energy balance can be used to track energy through a system, and is a very useful tool for determining resource use and environmental impacts, using the First and Second laws of thermodynamics, to determine how much energy is needed at each point in a system, and in what form that energy is a cost in various environmental issues. [citation needed] The energy accounting system keeps track of energy in, energy out, and non-useful energy versus work done, and transformations within the system. Scientists have written and speculated on different aspects of energy accounting. [38] Environmental services A study was carried out by Costanza and colleagues[39] to determine the price of the services provided by the environment. This was determined by averaging values obtained from a range of studies conducted in very specific context and then transferring these without regard to that context. Dollar figures were averaged to a per hectare number for different types of ecosystem e. g. wetlands, oceans. A total was then produced which came out at 33 trillion US dollars (1997 values), more than twice the total GDP of the world at the time of the study. This study was criticized by pre-ecological and even some environmental economists for being inconsistent with assumptions of financial capital valuation and ecological economists for being inconsistent with an ecological economics focus on biological and physical indicators. [40] See also ecosystem valuation and price of life. The whole idea of treating ecosystems as goods and services to be valued in monetary terms remains controversial to some.

Determining Activation Energy Essay Example

Determining Activation Energy Essay Activation energy of a reaction Mengyuan Wu IB Chem HL Richard Forster March 20, 2013 Introduction: In this experiment, a reduction of peroxodisulphate (VI) ions by iodine ions is investigated. Solution of 10cm3 of K2S2O8, potassium peroxodisulphate, represented as ‘Solution A’. Mixture of 5cm3 of KI (Potassium iodide solution), and 5 cm3 of Na2S2O3 (sodium thiosulphate solution), and 2. 5cm3 of starch solution is considered as ‘Solution B’. Solution A and B are mixed together under different temperatures to show a â€Å"clock† reaction. Observation: Table 1: Raw Quantitative Data of Temperature and Time from the Experiment Fixed / Ideal Temperature ( °C)| Temperature of Solution A ( °C ±0. 5 °C)| Temperature of Solution B ( °C ±0. 5 °C)| Time Taken| Time Proceeded (seconds ±1 seconds)| 30| 31. 0| 31. 0| 3:10:34| 191| 35| 36. 0| 33. 5| 2:11:83| 132| 40| 40. 0| 38. 0| 1:37:24| 97| 45| 46. 0| 45. 5| 1:12:83| 73| 50| 51. 0| 51. 0| 0:52:40| 53| Qualitative: Before: Solution A: clear colorless solutions; Solution B: clear colorless solution During: Both solution A and B reached (or close to) a fixed temperature and mixed together form a clear colorless solution reaction time: one or few section of the solution turned clear light purple opaque purple, then the section expand to the entire solution speedily within a second the purple opaque solution gradually turn to a darker purple color After: Dark purple-black colored opaque solution Processing and Presenting Data: We will write a custom essay sample on Determining Activation Energy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Determining Activation Energy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Determining Activation Energy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Table 2: Uncertainty of the Apparatus Used in the Experiment Equipment| Uncertainty| Explanation| Stopwatch| Seconds ±1 second| The actual uncertainty of the stopwatch is millisecond, shown in the column ‘Time Taken’ in Table 1. However, there are human reaction uncertainties when receiving the change in color in the actual experiment, so that particular uncertainty is presented by  ±1 second| 50cm3 Burette for K2S2O8, KI, and Na2S2O3| cm3 ±0. 02cm30. 02% for each solution| Initial Reading ( ±0. 1cm3) + Final reading ( ±0. 1cm3) = volume used ( ±0. cm3) for every solution measured in mixture A or B| 10mL Measuring Cylinder for starch solution| mL ±0. 2mL| | Thermometer|  °C ±1. 0 °C| Mixture A and B both have separate (but relatively close) temperature with uncertainty of  ±0. 5 °C each, after the average of the two the uncertainty doubles| Table 3: Processed date for temperature and time Average Temperature of the reaction ( °C ±1. 0 °C)| P roceed Temperature (K ±1. 0K)| Time Proceeded (seconds ±1 seconds)| 31. 0| 304. 0| 191| 35. 0| 308. 0| 132| 39. 0| 312. 0| 97| 46. 0| 319. 0| 73| 51. 0| 324. 0| 53| Table 4: Processed data for Graphing ln 1t (3 sig fig)| 1T (K)(4 sig fig)| -5. 25| 0. 003289| -4. 88| 0. 003246| -4. 57| 0. 003205| -4. 29| 0. 003134| -3. 97| 0. 003086| ln 1t=lnK (Proportional) t= Time T= Temperature (in K) Graph1: Calculation: Values: Table 4: Calculation to Process Temperature: | | Calculation 1: Average Temperature ( °C ±1. 0 °C)| Calculation 2: Temperature in K (K ±1. 0K)| | Formula| Temp. of A+Temp. of B2| Temp. in  °C+273| Fixed / Ideal Temperature ( °C)| 30| 31. 0+31. 02=31. 0| 31. 0+273=304. 0| | 35| 36. 0+33. 52=34. 75? 35. 0| 35. +273=308. 0| | 40| 40. 0+38. 02=39. 0| 39. 0+273=312. 0| | 45| 46. 0+45. 52=45. 75? 46. 0| 46. 0+273=319. 0| | 50| 51. 0+51. 02=51. 0| 51. 0+273=324. 0| Table 5: Calculation for Graphing Data | Calculation 3:ln 1t| Calculation 4:1T(K)| Fixed / Ideal Temperature ( °C)| 30| ln1191? -5. 25| 1304? 0. 003289| | 35| ln1132? -4. 88| 1308? 0. 003246| | 40| ln197? -4. 57| 1312? 0. 003205| | 45| ln173? -4. 29| 1319? 0. 003134| | 50| ln153? -3. 97| 1324? 0. 003086| Calculation 5 (Activation Energy): lnk= -EaR ? 1T+lnA y = m(slope) x + c R=8. 314 Jmol-1K-1(Diploma) Data from Graph 1: y = -6045. 3x + 14. 705 -6045. 3 = -EaR Ea=8. 314 ? 6045. 3 =50260. 6242 J =50. 2606242 KJ Random Errors: Calculation 6: (%Random Error for Average Temperature of the Reaction) Average temperature of the reaction K  ± 1. 0 K (Refer to Table 2) % Error=1. 0304. 0+1. 0308. 0+1. 0312. 0+1. 0319. 0+1. 0324. 0? 100 ? 1. 596% Calculation 7: (%Random Error for Time) Time Taken Seconds  ± 1 Second (estimated human reaction time) (Refer to Table 2) % Error=1191+1132+197+173+153? 100? 5. 569% Calculation 8: (% Random Error for Solutions) Random Error for K2S2O8+KI+ Na2S2O3+Starch 0. 02%? 3+0. 22. 5? 100 ? 8. 06% Calculation 8: (Total % Random Error) % Error=1. 596%+5. 569%+8. 06% =15. 225%=20% (one sig. fig. ) Final Answer: Calculation 9: (Final Answer) 50. 2606242 KJ  ±20% 50. 2606242 KJ =50. 3 KJ (3 sig. fig. >smallest sig. fig. in calculation) 50. 2606242 KJ? 0. 2? 10. 052 KJ=10KJ (one sig. fig. ) Experimental Result: 50. 3 KJ  ±10KJ 50. 3 KJ  ±20% Work Cited: D iploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet. 2nd ed. Cardiff: International Baccalaureate Organization, 2008. 6. Print.

Free Essays on Effects Of Television On Children

What has happened to humankind today? Over and over again it seems like everywhere one looks, it’s presence known. It is observant in the streets, back alleys, school, even at home, last but not least television a major source of violence. Appearing in living rooms of homes across the world sits a channel for violence that often goes overlooked. It is the television, and the children who watch it that are pulled into its realistic world of violent scenes with sometimes shocking results. Much investigation has gone into showing why children are so fascinated by this big glowing box and the action that takes place within it. Studies show that television is certainly a major cause of violent behavior in children. The research proves time and time again that rage and television viewing work hand in hand. The truth concerning television violence and children has been revealed. A few are attempting to battle this setback. Others are closing their eyes to it, hoping it will go away. Still others do not even appear to worry. However, the details are undeniable. The studies have been carried out and the outcome leads to one conclusion: Television violence causes children to be violent and the end product can be life-long. The information cannot be unnoticed. Violent television viewing does affect children. The effects have been seen in a number of cases. In New York, a 16-year-old boy broke into a cellar; when the police caught him and asked him why he was wearing gloves he replied that he had learned to do so, so he would not leave fingerprints and that he discovered this on television. In Alabama, a nine-year-old boy received a bad report card from his teacher. He suggested sending the teacher poisoned candy as revenge as he had seen on television the night before. In Califo rnia, a seven-year-old boy sprinkled ground-up glass into the lamb stew the family was to eat for dinner; when asked why he did it he replied that ... Free Essays on Effects Of Television On Children Free Essays on Effects Of Television On Children What has happened to humankind today? Over and over again it seems like everywhere one looks, it’s presence known. It is observant in the streets, back alleys, school, even at home, last but not least television a major source of violence. Appearing in living rooms of homes across the world sits a channel for violence that often goes overlooked. It is the television, and the children who watch it that are pulled into its realistic world of violent scenes with sometimes shocking results. Much investigation has gone into showing why children are so fascinated by this big glowing box and the action that takes place within it. Studies show that television is certainly a major cause of violent behavior in children. The research proves time and time again that rage and television viewing work hand in hand. The truth concerning television violence and children has been revealed. A few are attempting to battle this setback. Others are closing their eyes to it, hoping it will go away. Still others do not even appear to worry. However, the details are undeniable. The studies have been carried out and the outcome leads to one conclusion: Television violence causes children to be violent and the end product can be life-long. The information cannot be unnoticed. Violent television viewing does affect children. The effects have been seen in a number of cases. In New York, a 16-year-old boy broke into a cellar; when the police caught him and asked him why he was wearing gloves he replied that he had learned to do so, so he would not leave fingerprints and that he discovered this on television. In Alabama, a nine-year-old boy received a bad report card from his teacher. He suggested sending the teacher poisoned candy as revenge as he had seen on television the night before. In Califo rnia, a seven-year-old boy sprinkled ground-up glass into the lamb stew the family was to eat for dinner; when asked why he did it he replied that ...

The Current Crisis Sheds More Light on Macroeconomics than vice-versa Essay

The Current Crisis Sheds More Light on Macroeconomics than vice-versa - Essay Example On a personal stand, it would be said that indeed the current crisis sheds more light on macroeconomics and that the various macroeconomic conditions practiced across the globe could greatly be attributed to why the global economic state has not seen any impressive growth over the few years. Indeed, instead of amassing the overall aim of instituting various macroeconomic policies to alleviate poverty and make the economic conditions of countries and its populaces better, certain critical misplaced priorities and mismanagement on the part of regulators of macroeconomic conditions have led to a total failure of the ambition. Today, the whole world seems to be in a shamble and economists continues to argue on which line of action is the best – whether macroeconomic conditioning or microeconomic conditioning. In the following text, specific macroeconomic condition, the roles they were expected to play in influencing global economic growth, and how they have failed and created cris is will be looked at. Again, specific contributing factors to why dependence on macroeconomics could not help but led to global economic crisis will be discussed. Finally, recommendations shall be made on how to revive the crisis through macroeconomics. Assessing Specific Macroeconomic Conditions and how they relate to Economic Crisis National Output and Income The output and input of a country is a major indication of the performance of the country economically. Given any period of time; mostly over one year, each nation produces certain about of viable product. Some of these viable products are goods whereas others are services. To find the national output of a particular country, the total production of viable products is summed up. The reason for using the national output to determine the macroeconomic performance of a country is the reason that the viable products, be they goods or services are considered to be tradable products that can yield the country economic income and re venue. National output is therefore considered to be an economic value. In light of this, Riley (2006) posits that the national output can be used to determine the value added to the economy of a particular country. He defines value added as â€Å"the increase in the value of a product at each successive stage of the production process.† This is where the need for using the national output to create wealth and thus alleviate a country from economic crisis and hardships come in. This assertion is made against the backdrop that the value added is expected to improve all aspects of a country’s production process and thus make the economic lives of the citizenry at all levels better. It is for this reason that the value added and national output are used to determine the gross domestic product of a nation. Again, the national output is closely related to national income because it is expected that the production rate and production proceeds of a country would determine how much the country will earn on the global economic market. For each sale made, there is an added income to the national economic coffers. This is one reason why the national output is easily used to determine the gross domestic product of a country. According to Riley (2006),†this measure of GDP adds together the value of output produced by each of the productive sectors in the economy using

Why the Operations of the South Sea Company Proved to be Financially Essay

Why the Operations of the South Sea Company Proved to be Financially Unsound - Essay Example The purpose of the essay is to test the ability of the researcher to assimilate information and to order it in support of specific arguments. Students are expected to read the book, entitled A Very English Deceit: The South Seas Bubble and the World’s First Great Financial Scandal, written by Balen, M to answer the essay question. The objective is for students to think out the answer themselves, using general knowledge and plus material from Balen. The essay contains a clear, concise arguments on the subject. Therefore, the researcher concluds that there are similarities between the collapse of the South Sea bubble and the bankruptcy of Enron. Both companies seemed financially more secure than they actually were. They were companies that were attractive to investors, the South Sea Company due to price of it shares at the height of the bubble, Enron because of its size and the diversity investments. Both companies also presented themselves as being sure fire winners for investo rs, the South Sea Company inflated its own share prices, Enron fiddled its accounts to hide its mounting loses. Both companies believed that they bribed the right people in the right places and did not ensure that their books balanced enough to allow survival when times were harder. The South Sea Company had no source of income and no coherent or sustainable strategy; all it had was shares and monopolies that were worthless. In conclusion, Enron had strategies that did not work; the South Sea Company only had confidence amongst its naà ¯ve investors.

Religious Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Religious Education - Essay Example In religious education, there are many aspects wherein the use of technology plays a very important role, maybe not the primary role but one that would further improve religious edification a long way. Just as ordinary internet surfing could seem so pointless; it can actually be utilized to serve as an avenue to propagate God's words. There are already some websites that enable Bible verse searching where in you can actually read the Bible in different versions and multilingual translations. One of these websites is the American Bible Society. In one of their homepage ads it says, 2"Bible poverty is as widespread as physical poverty". Imagine what difference it would make in society if the greater part of the youth is searching the internet for Bible verses instead of watching pornography online. Millions of websites are hosted over the World Wide Web for different operations; mostly for business and personal use some are even scams. It's amazing how we can take advantage of this tec hnology to counter many malicious undertakings by making Christian doctrines available and easy to access. If the word of God is made more visible, noticeable, and most of all, accessible, it would not merely be a book hidden in shelves inside people's houses, and surely more people would pay attention to them at the least. Another impressive Another impressive technology that is being used in religious education is the PC Bible. It is a program that can be installed in your personal computer wherein you can type either keywords or passages and it will come up with related Bible verses in selected versions. I personally use the digital King James Version in my computer and I find it really useful. This is an effective instructional material for religious studies, since running the application is fast and the screen can be displayed using an LCD or LED projector. Instead of the conventional overhead projector wherein you have to use acetate slides, the LCD (Liquid Crystal Design) projector is multimedia and can project slides in full colors and even videos. LED (Light-emitting Diode) projectors, on the other hand are more sophisticated and versatile. 3Sony has developed the world's smallest LED projector. Measuring just 410cc it is equivalent to that of two business cards and shorter than a standard ball pen. The state-of -the-art technology in these types of projectors also improves the quality of instructional media that we use for religious education. Although it is good habit to bring the actual bible, it would be practical to have a PC Bible installed in the office or school computers. It does not even have to cost, all you need is an internet connection and it can be downloaded in multiple sites. There are some materials and software that can be bought, like the 4Bible Dictionary and PC Study Bible from biblesoft.com, but a lot of sites are giving the PC Bible for free, like 5wareseeker.com or 6cnet. For advanced religious studies, the use of carbon dating is another state-of-the-art innovation. This is an amazing breakthrough which is being used mostly by Bible scholars to accurately date back some recovered artifacts, scriptures as well as objects and even places. Catherine Brahic expresses her amazement in an article upon the discovery of Solomon's mines which were confirmed

Implementing And Leading Change Management Essay

Implementing And Leading Change Management Essay Organizational Change is an important issue and within organization. Changes can due to many ways such change in management system, change in accounting system, change in market demand and change in competitors in the market. Organizational is an action or set of an action for the reason of changing the direction or process of the Companys work. In addition, change is a fact of companys life. Due to survive of the organization it has to change the way it works. Change in organization may affect the business strategy of the organization, and the process companies carry out to accomplish that strategy and the workforce engage. Generally, some change are small does not affect organizations main strategy but some change is the reason of organization transformation. However, well panned and implemented change ensures organizational survival in modern days competitive market. Change can produce many benefits for the organization such improved and better competitiveness, better financial performance, satisfied employees and higher level of customer. Benefit may take long time to achieve and period of transition is time of disturbance uncertainty. Thought, change is not always positive but it can be handle such a way that strength than weaken the commitment of the people to an organization. Therefore, change process of the organization must be managed in order to keep the company moving towards its new vision and its stated objective. Also, organizational change actually is about people changing. So the change must be began with concern fo its impact on the workforce of the organization. However, change is the part of organizational development process; it is an ongoing and bring strength to the company for future success. I addition, organization generally bring change for response to external environment such social, legal, economic, political and technological factors. 3.2. Change Management: Change management is structural approach to transitioning person, teams and organization from a existing state to needed future level to achieve or execute a vision or strategy. Change is an organizational procedure aimed to employees to acknowledge and clinch change in their current environment. However, Change management can be define in three ways firstly, Change management as a systematic process; is the formal process for the organizational change, consist a systematic approach and knowledge. Second, Change management as means transitioning people; it is a critical part of a project that leads, manage and enable people to accept new process, system, technologies and value and it is a set of activities what transit people from their current way of working to the desired way of working. Finally, Change Management as Competitive Tactic; it is a continuous process of aligning an organization with its marketplace and doing so more responsively and effectively than competitors (Lisa et. al., 1997). 3.3. Common Obstacles to Chang and Reason of Change Fail: A 2006 Harvard Business review found out that 66% of change scheme does not achieve their desired company outcomes. They have identified five most common reason or obstacles to change such as Employees resistance, communication breakdown, insufficient time devoted to training, staff turnover during transition process and cost exceeded the budget. From five only three (red circle in Figure 2) can be improve by the change leader; Employees resistance, communication breakdown and staff turnover during transition. Table 1 presented the overview of the leadership role in terms of obstacles. Figure2: Obstacles Experience during Major Organizational Change Change Obstacles Leaders Role Employee Resistance †¢ Leverage relationship with team to address employee concerns on a personal level. †¢ Ask for employees feedback and react to their concerns honestly and openly. †¢ Review the section on Managing Change in this guide. Communication breakdown †¢ Communicate main information to employees on an on-going and regular basis. †¢ Review the section on Communication in this guide. Staff turnover †¢ Connect team by involving them in the initiative. †¢ Coach, Mentor and enrich their roles. Table 1: Overview of Leader Role in Change Obstacles Kotter (1995) states following Eight Errors common to organizational Change Efforts and the consequences three consequences; Error 1: Allowing too much contentment or complacency Error 2: Failing to gain leadership support Error 3: Underestimate the supremacy of vision Error 4: Under communicating with the vision Error 5: Allowing obstacles to block the vision Error 6: Failing to build short term win Error 7: Declining victory too soon Error 8: Neglectiong to anchor change firmly in the culture Consequences 1: New business strategy not implement well Consequences 2: Reengineering takes too long time Consequences 3: Quality program do not bring hope for result 3.4. Change Management Model: There are many models available to help lead change. The main common and used model of change management is Kotters Eight Steps of change management. This model of change management given below (Kottes, 2006): Step 1: Establishing a Sense of Urgency First step of the change management is help other to understand the need for change and act immediately, Do SOWT analysis to identify competitive realities and then identify and discuses possible dangers. (Kottes, 2006). Step 2: Creating the Guiding Coalition Second step of Ktters model is to make sure there is powerful group leading the change, individual with leadership skill, credibility, bias for action, authority and analytical skill, then build a team and forming influential guiding union and getting the team to work together for a common goal (Kottes, 2006). Step 3: Developing a Vision and Strategy The third step is to explain how the future will be unlike from the past, and how you will build the future realism, creating a vision to help direct the change effort, getting the vision and strategy right and developing strategies to accomplish the vision (Kottes, 2006). . Step 4: Communicating the Change and Vision To make sure that the as many as employees understand and accept the vision and strategy arise from change, a sound communication is needed between leadership and workforce to communicate vision and strategy (Kottes, 2006). . Step 5: Empowering Broad-based action: The fifth stage is to remove as manay as barriers possible than it is easy to make a vision into reality. This step help to allow to act getting rid of obstacles and encourage risk taking and modify structure or system that undermine thee change vision. (Kottes, 2006). Step 6: Generation Sort-term wins Sit step is to create visible unambiguous success and plan for generate short term achievements and achieved them then recognise and reward those employees (Kottes, 2006). Step 7: Consolidating gain and Produce more Change Seventh stage is to press faster and harder after the short term achievements, adjust improvements and sustain the momentum for change. Also, Use increasing integrity to change all systems, structures and policies that dont go well together and dont fit the transformation attempt, Hiring, promoting and developing individual who can realize the change vision, reinvigorating the procedure with new change agents, thems and project (Kottes, 2006). Step 8: Anchoring new Approaches in the Culture The final step of change management mode, is anchoring new approaches in the culture by grasp on to the new customs of behaving, and make sure they be successful until they become a part of the culture of the group, building better performance through productivity and consumer oriented behaviour, additional and better leadership, and better effective management , communicative the connections between new behaviours and organisational success and developing means to make sure leadership improvement and (Kottes, 2006). 3.5. Managing the Emotion in Change: There are many models to guide thinking on how people cope with the emotion cycle of change. Bridges (2003), has provide a model showing how people react in the time of change. He has divided Transition time in three phases (Figure 4); letting go/losing/ending of the present position, a disorienting or neutral zone and a new beginning. Figure 4: Bridges Three Phases of Transition (Bridges, 2003) This model transition mode reviews the emotional impact over time and the leaders role in change management. He distinguished difference between change and transition. Transition deals with oly psychological impact of the individual but one the other hand change is situational and may happen without the people (Bridges, 2003). Phase 1: Ending/Losing/Letting Go In the first phase (ending/losing/letting go), workforce of the company must come to a point where they can let go of the past situation because until they let go they will not able to move on towards future. Possible reaction from employees might be; fear, resentment, apathy, loss and sense of shock. In this phase leader must identify what individual will losing and accept individuals reaction and find a way to compensate (Bridges, 2003). Phase 2: The Neutral Zone Second phase is the Neutral zone, where employees are in gap between past and new. In this position old system does not work and new yet to launch. Possible reaction from individual might be anxiety; motivation level comes to low; confusion; but have some hope for future (Bridges, 2003). Phase 3: The New Beginning Final phase is the New Beginning phase; here employees start to show emotional commitment for the new state. Possible reaction might be; new identity, new energy and sense of purpose. In this phase leader must explain the new beginning, continuous communication the vision, develop a new training plan and give opportunity to the employees to play a part in transition process (Bridges, 2003). 3.6. Leadership Role in Change Management Process: Successful organizational change depends on leaders of the change project who have direct authority with employees going through the change. The following are some of the major roles leaders may play as they drive change in the company; Leader must be the role model of the team working for the change transition. Leader must be willing to go first and lead the fellow workers in the process. Leader must be self aware and deliberate. Leader is a decision maker. Leader control resources such as, workforce, budget, equipment available for transition period of change and have full authority to make decision how to handle them. During change, leaders must control their decision-making authority and choose the preference that will support the project. The Decision-Maker is influential and gives priorities that support change. Leader is a motivator to the employees. Leader gives motivation for the change to happen. Leaders create an image importance about change and show commitment and passion to get things done. Leader is an enforcer in change management. Leader hold individual accountable for the change with authority. Perfect leader understand that change will not happen if they do not fulfil the roles the authority can do.

Michele Cliff, Sidney Mintz and Antonio Benitez-Rojos Writings :: Caribbean Race Racial Issues Essays

Michele Cliff, Sidney Mintz and Antonio Benitez-Rojo's Writings With a focus on articles written by Michele Cliff, Antonio Benitez-Rojo, and Sidney Mintz. Michelle Cliff, "If I Could Write This on Fire, I Would Write This on Fire," and Abeng Antonio Benitz-Rojo, "From plantation to Plantation"; Sidney Mintz, "The Caribbean: A Sociocultural Area"; On this island of Black and Brown, she had inherited her father’s green eyes—which all agreed were her "finest feature." Visibly, she was the family’s crowning achievement, combining the best of both sides, and favoring one rather than the other. Much comment was made about here prospects, and how blessed Miss Mattie was to get herself such a granddaughter. The legacy of the plantation, the class struggle between dark and light skinned, the different lifestyles of city and country people, and the lack of a cohesive culture are all ideas toughed upon in the writings of Michele Cliff, Sidney Mintz, and Antonio Benitez-Rojo. The distinct difference in styles is what separates these writings. Cliff writes from the viewpoint of an islander, while Mintz and Benitez-Rojo write from a European point of view. All three authors begin by "telling" the history of the region in different ways. Mintz describes the Caribbean using nine distinct similarities, that he feels all islands have in common. He paints a picture of explorers "island-hopping" and discovering characteristics of each island. Mintz goes on by saying that the sole purpose for colonization was the plantation and the products of that plantation (mainly sugar). He continues by stating that the Caribbean is "western society" formed by European ideals and thoughts that were infused into the everyday life of the islands and its inhabitants. He says, that because of this heavy European influence, the Caribbean has no real culture. Its culture was formed by the teachings of European ideals and the remembered African tradition, which they brought over with them. Benitez-Rojo speaks of a rhythm that is present in the Caribbean. He does not believe that there is a Caribbean culture. He does say that the people of the Caribbean have a certain rhythm to them. "It is rhythm that puts all the Caribbean peoples in ‘the same boat,’ over and above separations imposed on them by ‘nationality and race,’ it is rhythm—not a specific cultural expression—that confers Caribbeanness." Cliff doesn’t really go into a description of the whole Caribbean. She tells the story of a light skinned Jamaican named Clare. Michele Cliff, Sidney Mintz and Antonio Benitez-Rojo's Writings :: Caribbean Race Racial Issues Essays Michele Cliff, Sidney Mintz and Antonio Benitez-Rojo's Writings With a focus on articles written by Michele Cliff, Antonio Benitez-Rojo, and Sidney Mintz. Michelle Cliff, "If I Could Write This on Fire, I Would Write This on Fire," and Abeng Antonio Benitz-Rojo, "From plantation to Plantation"; Sidney Mintz, "The Caribbean: A Sociocultural Area"; On this island of Black and Brown, she had inherited her father’s green eyes—which all agreed were her "finest feature." Visibly, she was the family’s crowning achievement, combining the best of both sides, and favoring one rather than the other. Much comment was made about here prospects, and how blessed Miss Mattie was to get herself such a granddaughter. The legacy of the plantation, the class struggle between dark and light skinned, the different lifestyles of city and country people, and the lack of a cohesive culture are all ideas toughed upon in the writings of Michele Cliff, Sidney Mintz, and Antonio Benitez-Rojo. The distinct difference in styles is what separates these writings. Cliff writes from the viewpoint of an islander, while Mintz and Benitez-Rojo write from a European point of view. All three authors begin by "telling" the history of the region in different ways. Mintz describes the Caribbean using nine distinct similarities, that he feels all islands have in common. He paints a picture of explorers "island-hopping" and discovering characteristics of each island. Mintz goes on by saying that the sole purpose for colonization was the plantation and the products of that plantation (mainly sugar). He continues by stating that the Caribbean is "western society" formed by European ideals and thoughts that were infused into the everyday life of the islands and its inhabitants. He says, that because of this heavy European influence, the Caribbean has no real culture. Its culture was formed by the teachings of European ideals and the remembered African tradition, which they brought over with them. Benitez-Rojo speaks of a rhythm that is present in the Caribbean. He does not believe that there is a Caribbean culture. He does say that the people of the Caribbean have a certain rhythm to them. "It is rhythm that puts all the Caribbean peoples in ‘the same boat,’ over and above separations imposed on them by ‘nationality and race,’ it is rhythm—not a specific cultural expression—that confers Caribbeanness." Cliff doesn’t really go into a description of the whole Caribbean. She tells the story of a light skinned Jamaican named Clare.

Silabus Teori Ekonomi Mikro

MICROECONOMICS I Nurman Setiawan Fadjar, SE. , MSc. Room: E-19 Class: IE-DADay: Wednesday Email: [email  protected] unibraw. ac. idHours: 09. 30 – 12. 00 References: – Mankiw, N. Gregory, â€Å"Principles of Economics†, 4th Ed. , Harcourt College Pub. , 2006. – Case, Karl E. , Ray C. Fair, â€Å"Principles of Economics†, 6th Ed. , Prentice Hall, Inc. , 2003. Courses: I. Priciples of Economics and Think Like an Economist. (#1, 2) II. Foundation of Microeconomics: Consumer and Firms. a. Household Behavior and Consumer Choice. (#5,21, #4,5) b.The Production Process: The Behavior of Profit-Maximizing Firms. (#13, #6) c. Short Run Costs and Output Decisions. (#7) d. Costs and Output Decisions in the Long Run. (#8) e. Input Demand: The Labor and Land Market. (#18, #9) f. Input Demand: The Capital Market and The Investment Decision. (#10) g. General Equilibrium and the Efficiency of Perfect Competition. (#7, #11) III. Market Imperfection and the Role of Government. a. Monopoly and Antitrust Policy. (#15, #12) b. Monopolistic Competition and Olygopoly. (#16, 7, #17) c.Externalities, Public Goods, Imperfect Information, and Social Choice. (#10, 11, #14) d. Income Distribution and Poverty. (#15) Grades : 1. Attendance: 5 % 2. Participation: 10 % 3. HW: 15 % 4. Quiz: 20 % 5. Midterm Exam: 35 % 6. Final Exam: 35 % + 120 % Good Luck! TEORI EKONOMI MIKRO I Nurman Setiawan Fadjar, SE. , MSc. Ruang: E-3 (IE), B-1 (AK) Kelas: IE-AC, AK-CDHari: Senin (IE), Kamis (AK) Email: [email  protected] unibraw. ac. idJam: 07. 00 – 09. 30 Buku Referensi: – Mankiw, N. Gregory, â€Å"Principles of Economics†, 4th Ed. , Harcourt College Pub. 2006. – Case, Karl E. , Ray C. Fair, â€Å"Principles of Economics†, 6th Ed. , Prentice Hall, Inc. , 2003. Materi: I. Priciples of Economics and Think Like an Economist. (#1, 2) II. Foundation of Microeconomics: Consumer and Firms. a. Household Behavior and Consumer Choice. (#5,21, #4,5) b. The Production Process: The Behavior of Profit-Maximizing Firms. (#13, #6) c. Short Run Costs and Output Decisions. (#7) d. Costs and Output Decisions in the Long Run. (#8) e. Input Demand: The Labor and Land Market. (#18, #9) f.Input Demand: The Capital Market and The Investment Decision. (#10) g. General Equilibrium and the Efficiency of Perfect Competition. (#7, #11) III. Market Imperfection and the Role of Government. a. Monopoly and Antitrust Policy. (#15, #12) b. Monopolistic Competition and Olygopoly. (#16, 7, #17) c. Externalities, Public Goods, Imperfect Information, and Social Choice. (#10, 11, #14) d. Income Distribution and Poverty. (#15) Penilaian : 1. Absensi: 5 % 2. Partisipasi: 10 % 3. Tugas: 15 % 4. Quiz: 20 % 5. UTS: 35 % 6. UAS: 35 % + 120 % Selamat Berjuang!

How does Priestly create dramatic tension in An Inspector Calls Essay Example

How does Priestly create dramatic tension in An Inspector Calls Essay Example How does Priestly create dramatic tension in An Inspector Calls Paper How does Priestly create dramatic tension in An Inspector Calls Paper Essay Topic: Literature JB Priestley creates immense tension in his 1945 play, An Inspector Calls, with didactic purposes to question how society deals with individuals and their problems. The growing tension between the characters on stage is reflected in the audiences awareness of gap between the rich and the poor. Priestley is able to criticize society boldly, as he distances the characters on stage with, tone of speech, and the whereabouts of the characters. This means he can additionally take advantage of societys regimes and the tension portrayed as he writes the play in 1945. An Inspector Calls is set in 1912 at a time when society was strongly capitalist, and class, exceedingly, divided the world. It was written in 1945 at the end of the unspeakable Second World War. As the play is written at this time it allows Priestley to take advantage of creating tension by questioning conservative policies and class distinction. Between these dates Britain was involved in two world wars, which caused major upheaval in the world. Priestley had seen the unpleasant tragedies and was overwhelmed and concerned that the lesson of the war remained unlearned: and did not lead to improvement of the lives of ordinary people, but yet to another war. Due to the fact that Priestley was a socialist, he felt that society should be equal and class barriers should be broken. Priestley creates vivid tension with the use of setting and props, the Inspector, Societys double standards, speech and dramatic irony. However another way Priestley endures tension is by playing around with a challenging genre. Firstly in the setting of Act One, wealth is immediately established into the atmosphere of tension in society, indicating that the characters are wealthy by living in a large suburban house. To the audience this could show an instant sign of snobbery. Many more values are added to show wealth and symbolism of the characters. Part of the stage direction and props is the cigar box. It states symbolism of power establishing Mr Birling as an authority figure, which sets up tension when the Inspector interrogates him. The inconvenience of the dining table is mentioned and suggests the inflexibility that later shows about the set ways of Mr and Mrs Birling. The table manages to create tension as it is referring to the atmosphere and nature of the family. It reflects the solid unit which is uncomfortable, much like the subtext and unity of the family which later crumbles under the society of inspection. It creates tension by becoming awkward and artificial, just like the family. The fireplace has a colossal deal of importance in the play. It can be dramatically seen as a juxtaposed paradox to the holocaust. It represents a flaming inferno and the burning down of societys barriers. Later on in Act Three the Inspector gives an intense, dramatic and extremely heated speech. He mentions fire and blood and anguish which could be referred to the fireplace that is lit throughout the play. It is almost a continuous heartbeat that is heating up the tension and conflict of characters. It is as if the fire is spreading like a disease from one person to the next as they start to confess one by one. The fireplace also has a correlation with Evas death. She apparently died by being burnt burnt her inside out which relates to a fire and produces a mass of tension. The lighting in Act one is notified and thought about deeply to create a vast amount of tension and unease. At first the lighting should be pink and intimate creating comfort but then it switches to harder and brighter when the inspector comes in. The stark lighting becomes alarming to the family and creates the effect as if they are put under a microscope. Also the vivid lighting exposes the characters and societys flaws as well as their own. However later as the Inspector arrives with the hard-hitting light it causes the family to be literally under the spotlight and makes the harsh clear reality evident. As soon as Inspector Goole steps foot into the room his presence certainly ups the intensity between each other and the Inspector. To begin with his name is eerie as he is announced as Inspector Goole. It is a deep name as you are reminisced of the word ghoul and can be linked together which creates a spooky aspect of his name and becomes daunting. He creates at once an impression of massiveness, solidity and purposefulness immediately the Inspector creates unjust tension in the room and is profoundly hard hitting. He manages to have a concentrated effect on the character as well as the audience and takes everyones undivided attention. He speaks carefully, weightily, and has a disconcerting habit of looking hard at the person he addresses before actually speaking. Here the inspector continues to keep giving a harsh force on each individual especially when tension is created between the Inspector and Birling. When speaking to Birling, Birling begins to feel manipulated as he starts to use hyphens when speaking, and not acting so abrupt. However Birling is very observant and weary of the Inspector and as soon as he finds a error he immediately becomes stuck up. For example Birling realises that the Inspector is new and takes advantage and becomes arrogant. The Inspector has a defined way of asking people questions, it is very calmly said but in an aggressive mode. He is able to bring justification into his etiquette act. Throughout the play many terms are referred to societys double standards. In the Edwardian Era sex before marriage was frowned upon and was not traditional, in this case Gerald was playing in between two women. It was acceptable for Gerald to have a relationship with Sheila as they were being truthful and loving to each other and are of the same class and social hierarchy. However when Gerald began seeing his mistress Daisy Renton (also known as Eva Smith) it was not acceptable to have a full, sexual relationship as she is of a lower standard in society. He should have subscribed to Edwardian values and kept Sheila as his love, conversely he had an affair with Daisy. Ironically Eric refers to prostitutes as fat old tarts-this is another ambiguity and double standard used and shows how the women are inferior. In Edwardians views Eva (Daisy) was seen like a prostitute because she stayed at bars where prostitutes hung out. After all the talk of sex and prostitutes the house becomes corrupted as Priestley emphasises the double standards. Another double standard used in the play is the fact that women seem too feeble to men. They need to be protected against words of evil as if they cannot provide or look after themselves. Birling sends the two women out of the room, as they need to be protected and defended, as they are the weaker sex. He does this mainly to relieve the tension of his women hearing all the foul talk. As well as the double standards the ways in which characters spoke to each other in An Inspector Calls. Priestley conveys each character differently and he does this by their speech. The Inspector indicates a lot of tension to the family as he is very calm and collective which stresses them out, as they are not. This shows that he is in control and this unfortunately makes them even more distressed, the Inspector is almost like a Priest. Countless stage directions are used mainly adverbs like: aggressively, defensively, abruptly, eagerly and uneasily are used which are shown creating dramatic tension in numerous ways. The way in which the characters speak to each other has many different effects as Mrs B is awfully snobby, Mr Birling is arrogant, Sheila feels like she is completely guilty for everything that has occurred and so on. Shelia says Thats what you say this creates tension in the use of language and emphasises you you imply that she doesnt believe him. Other tense moments are created: Eric suddenly guffaws this stage direction and interjection is slightly bewildering and out of place. It creates tension as it doesnt interlock with the atmosphere and Eric is having his secret amusement. Making everyone perplexed, but intrigued. Another effect created when characters are speaking is the use of hyphens/dashes. It creates tension as it interrupts language pace and the structure causes tension. Furthermore it shows that there is anticipation in their speech and there is something to hide or break down in communication. Lastly JB Priestley constantly refers to the use of dramatic irony. Mainly Birling is the upholder of his naivety and complacency. Birling is extremely ironic when it comes to his arrogant monologue. It is completely prejudice and completely erroneous. I say there isnt a chance of war this is totally ironic as two years later the war started so he is making himself look like a fool. Also dramatic irony is used because as it is written later, the audience know that he is wrong and that a war was uprising then. Because of setting the play in 1912 it reminds the audience that they cant be complacent and that they have seen two world wars since the plays setting. Also Birling debates about how the titanic would be unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable and again this is totally incorrect as the titanic hit an iceberg and sunk. He also pronounces to Shelia and Gerald that when you marry youll be marrying at a very good time. Once more he has juxtaposed himself as the time that Shelia and Gerald were going to marry is not good because it would have been the time of war. Furthermore Birling describes the German officers talk as silly pessimistic talk when in actual fact it is not silly talk but truth and reality, which people should have taken into consideration and taken responsibility. So finally to conclude Priestley is able to create dramatic tension throughout Act One and the rest of the playwright with the use of props, speech and society. Priestly deliberately sets in another time but very critical of the modern society he wants to criticize. He wants to put across his views that people need to create a society, which concerns and feels responsible for each other. Priestley implies to the audience that they are all sinners as Priestley is using biblical ideas and illusions, so that a microcosm of Goole becoming a Preacher man. Priestley desired to educate people and warn them and communicate with the populous through the popular medium of the theater. But Priestley boldly manages to intensify his longed emotions for a socialist country which makes the play so tense that he cliff hangers the end making the audience wonder that the Apocalypse is the revelation at the end of the world where we will be judged for who we are and what we do.

Cleaning Ambulance essay

Cleaning Ambulance essay Cleaning Ambulance essay Cleaning Ambulance essayYou can consolidate and save money. You don’t need the toxic products some departments use.   The driving force behind selecting a chemical to clean an ambulance should be the type of organism the chemical is meant to eliminate.   With the single exception of Clostridium difficile (commonly known as C diff), which requires a chlorine-based cleaning product, most ambulance providers need only low-level productsYou should have your cleaning plan schedule to conduct cleaning regularly and effectively. The plan should contain the time, place, and items that have to be cleaned along with the indication of detergent and cleaners that should be used to clean the interior of the emergency vehicle.Decontaminating an ambulance is a process. The first step is cleaning to remove debris. Only after a surface has been cleaned can it be decontaminated using one of three types of disinfection. The first, or highest level, is sterilization. Sterilization completely eliminates all organisms and is used for equipment that will be reprocessed (or reused) and comes into contact with mucus membranes, such as a laryngoscope blade. Chemical or steam-based sterilization can be used, but the correct procedure must be followed.  Disposable items don’t need a high level of sterilization. Non-critical items would include stethoscopes or blood-pressure cuffs. Cleaning of floors, stretchers and walls don’t require the same strict standards of the highest level of decontamination.You will require a gown, protective eyewear and special gloves when used. OSHA requires that providers wear dishwashing-type gloves, not disposable ones, when using any cleaning product, even disinfectant wipes. For the most part, wipes and paper towels used in the cleaning process are not considered medical waste and can be disposed of in the regular trash, even if bodily fluids are present. Using the regular trash to dispose of this waste will significantly cut cos ts. However, every state has different regulations, so she suggests reviewing state definitions regarding medical waste. One of the most effective disinfectants is a simple bleach and water solution, mixed at a ratio of 1:100.  PresentationWhile making a presentation, I conducted the preparation for the presentation collecting the information that I will need. In this regard, I collected and processed all the information, while preparing the pamphlet. First of all, I focused on the identification of major risks and threats which emerge in the course of the work of the average ambulance team. In this regard, it was easy to identify various infectious diseases, such as hepatitis, HIV, and others which may be transmitted to the ambulance staff from patients in case of not cleaning the ambulance properly. As I informed my team mates of the risks they are exposed to, I placed emphasis on the importance of cleaning the ambulance thoroughly and regularly. I explained them that cleaning t he ambulance is the only way to avoid developing an infectious disease being contaminated through the unclean ambulance environment. At first, my team mates does not really looked anxious about what I was telling them, until I noticed that the probability of developing an infectious disease in the unclean ambulance seven times higher compared to the clean one. After that I have noticed that my team mates have started to grow interested in what I was talking about.Then, I gave them the pamphlet printed for each team mate. I gave them some time to read and look through the pamphlet. After that I told them that it is not a mere pamphlet containing the general information on how to clean the ambulance. Instead, this is a set of recommendations which they would better take into account and follow, if they want to prevent them from catching an infectious disease or having other health problems. I told them that cleaning is easy when they know how and what to clean. Then, I asked them to l ook at the part concerning the planning and scheduling of the cleaning. I told them that it should a sort of the routine procedure for them† â€Å"It’s like washing your hands before having a meal during your service. You can’t just leave your ambulance unclean because it’s your health that is at stake†.Moreover, I tried to refer to the responsibility of my team mates, who started to object me that they do not really care about those threats they expose themselves to. I reminded them that cleaning the ambulance is not just the matter of their health: â€Å"Think of patients and your team mates? Don’t you care they can get a disease because of you, because of your laziness and negligence in cleaning the ambulance?† After that my team mates seemed to be more convinced of the importance of cleaning the ambulance. Then I asked them whether they know how to clean the ambulance properly. Naturally, they immediately responded positively. Then I asked them to look through the pamphlet again and asked several questions about how to clean the ambulance properly and my team mates could not respond to all of them properly. Hence, they agreed that they should work harder on learning how to clean the ambulance properly.

Bilingual Education Should not Be Offered in Public Schools Research Paper

Bilingual Education Should not Be Offered in Public Schools - Research Paper Example Students in public schools are at an age in which most of them hardly find any interest in studies. Instead, they are more inclined towards hanging out with friends or remain busy in other outdoor and indoor activities for most of their out-of-school time. In such circumstances, it is indeed, challenging for them to develop an interest in studies offered in their own language, what to talk of subjects taught in a language that is not their mother tongue. When intricate concepts of physics and chemistry are delivered in a second language, students are indirectly made to exert much more than what would have been required of them, had the lectures been in the first language. â€Å"Immigrant pupils can become more self-reliant if courses in arts, history or music are taught in Spanish and/or deal with their cultural heritage† (Teipelke 5). Not just this, in bilingual education, it becomes even more cumbersome for the students when they have to produce all that they learned formerl y in their exams. This way, bilingual education also invalidates the conventional testing system that is thought of as a means to judge the true capabilities of students. It is so because, we can not say a student did not work hard, only because he was not able to interpret his knowledge into words in the second language. Also, speakers of the language chosen as a standard for the exam tend to perform better than non-speakers because they do not have to cross linguistic barriers in order to make their point. The potential disadvantages of bilingual education can be assessed from its impact on the US educational system as a case study. Bilingual education was introduced in the US educational system fundamentally to provide the children from immigrated communities with an opportunity to speak, read and write the language of the locals.  Ã‚  

The legalization of marijuana in the United States Research Paper

The legalization of marijuana in the United States - Research Paper Example However, there is also a giant percentage of public which believes that criminalization of marijuana possession has always been a defeated objective. It is a kind of government objective which has consumed a lot of manpower and valuable limited resources. However still, the government is nowhere close to discouraging the public from smoking marijuana. Basically, this research paper seeks to argue that cannabis should be legalized or decriminalized in the US. The paper will present and explicate multiple reasons to augment the argument that marijuana is a drug with a variety of uses and minor risks. To validate the argument, marijuana will also be compared with alcohol and tobacco as a way of demonstrating how marijuana is so much less detrimental than the latter substances and still looked down upon by the government with such intensity, which is absolutely unjustified. War on drugs, particularly marijuana, is a complete failure. It has consumed trillions of dollars to date and continues to exert more financial pressure on the American government with every passing day. Prohibition on this drug has affected society very badly because more people are reported or jailed for minor drug offenses and people have to go to extreme measures to get this drug. Many such measures often affect their self-esteem in a very bad way given the circumstances and the places they have to bear to get the drug discreetly. Research also claims that the main reason marijuana often affects users’ lives negatively is not because of the drug really, but â€Å"because of the consequences attached with using the drug† (Pitts cited in Millat). Research shows that the US government has wasted a lot of money to keep marijuana from reaching the market in the past. According to an estimate, the US government suffers a total cost of about $10 billion on an annual basis in myriad efforts to make the country free of this drug. On the other hand, the State of California produces